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The advent of these genetic tests found many a white supremacist rushing off to prove their genes “white,” only to learn that they are not as white as they may have thought. Take the case of white supremacist Craig Cobb, who has spent the better part of the last twelve years establishing himself as a leading voice of hate, racism, and terror. He has made national news several times, particularly when he wascharged with terrorizing people with guns while trying to create “an all-white enclave” in Leith, North Dakota, according toSTAT news.
Cobb later appeared onThe Trisha Goddard Show in 2013 after taking a DNA test, agreeing to share the results with a live studio audience. His results: “86 percent European and…14 percent Sub-Saharan African.”
The audience roared with punishing laughter and the Trisha Goddard herself couldn’t resist saying, “Sweetheart, you have a little black in you.”
Cobb, naturally, took it like a white supremacist. “Wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, just wait a minute,” he said. “This is called statistical noise.” Cobb then hurried over to the website Stormfront to argue about the results, according to theSouthern Poverty Law Center. Stormfront is a white nationalist website launched in the 1990s by Don Black, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, and is what writer Eric Boodman of STAT calls “a kind of deep archive of online hate.”
While it’s easy to feel a heady brew of schadenfreude at Cobb’s discomfort, Cobb’s response, and others like him, reveal not only that white supremacists will twist the truth in their own favor no matter how hard the science, but they raise some questions about the dark side of genetic tests as measures to “prove” racial identity.
Craig Cobb. (Credit: Source.)
Cobb’s reaction is typical among white supremacists who don’t receive the results they want, according to sociologists out of UCLA who recently revealed the results of a new study on the matter at a sociology conference in Montreal. Co-lead authors Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan culled through the more than 12 million posts by more than 300,000 Stormfront members to see how white supremacists took the news that they were not 100% white. Search terms included “DNA test, “23andMe,” “haplotype” and “National Geographic” among others. Their research team then narrowed this down to 70 discussion threads, 3000 posts, by 153 users. Panofsky found it surprising that white supremacists would even admit to their less than 100% white results online at all given that “they will basically say if you want to be a member of Stormfront you have to be 100 percent white European, not Jewish,” but many of them do. Perhaps with the awareness that the community will shore up behind them one way or another.
In most cases (though not all), those whose results came up less than 100% white were not rejected outright, says co-lead author Joan Donovan, but rather they cast aspersions and doubt on the science of the tests themselves.
“They will talk about the mirror test,”said Panofsky. “They will say things like, ‘If you see a Jew in the mirror looking back at you, that’s a problem; if you don’t you’re fine.’” Not only does this reinforce the negative stereotype that Jews all look a certain way, it leaves an awful lot of gray area for their so-called white purity tests, suggesting that perhaps their real agenda is hatred.
Other commenters belied their own purity tests by suggesting that a little bit of non-white genetics don’t matter so long as one committed to being a white nationalist. Not surprisingly, others called the tests part of a Jewish conspiracy “that is trying to confuse true white Americans about their ancestry,” Panofsky said.
A Question of Reliability
There were those, of course, who picked apart the reliability of the tests themselves. And despite their motivation, they have stumbled into relevant complaints made by other scientists about the legitimacy of such tests. “There is a mainstream critical literature on genetic ancestry tests—geneticists and anthropologists and sociologists who have said precisely those things: that these tests give an illusion of certainty, but once you know how the sausage is made, you should be much more cautious about these results,”said Panofsky.
Matt Miller wrote an article forSlate criticizing the validity of such tests, saying, “…ethnicity is not a trait derived from a single gene because ethnicity is mostly our perception of a collection of traits, rather than a trait itself. So a genetic test that looks at our genes and comes back with an assessment of our ethnic roots isn’t honing in on a specific gene and reading what it says because there’s no such gene to read. Instead, the test is comparing snippets of our DNA to snippets of DNA of people of known origin and looking for similarities.”
Indeed, different tests will yielddifferent results.
“Different companies place different weight on these samples, which come from burial grounds, modern isolated communities, and academically published data, likethe Human Genome Diversity Project. For the consumer, this means if you don’t like your heritage results, try a different company. You’ll get a completely different breakdown,” wrote Miller.
Naturally, Cobb went and got a second set of DNA results with a different company, in which he came up with what he considered “questionable” genetics he referred to as “that 3% Iberian thing.” Then, according to Panofsky and Donovan’sstudy, “…Wrote a lengthy essay in March 2015 criticizing the methods of The Trisha Show’s GAT, asserting the superiority of an Ancestry.com test which declared his ancestry to be overwhelmingly European.” Further, he denounced the initial company DNA Solutions “as part of a Jewish conspiracy to spread ‘junk science’ whose ‘intent is to defame, confuse and deracinate young whites on a mass level—especially males.’”
A Neo-Nazi rally. (Credit: Source.)
How Do They Work?
There are several ways that these tests work after you send your spit swab in: A lineage-based approach analyzes DNA on the Y chromosome, that is DNA passed down from fathers to sons, with very little changes. Another tack is to analyze mitochondrial DNA, which is the DNA that mothers pass down, also relatively unchanged to children. “Small genetic changes in the Y chromosome occur as this information is passed from successive fathers to sons. These changes, if they persist, become markers of descent,” wrote Leslie O’Hanlon for MIT’s Technology Review. “Likewise, as mitochondrial DNA is passed down, slight mutations occur, and if these mutations persist, they also become genetic markers that can help distinguish one matrilineal line from another.”
The problem with these tests is that they are limited to a tiny percentage of a person’s ancestry—one line at a time.
Admixture testing can get more genetic markers of more ancestors into the mix, which will then be revealed in percentage form, however, these tests “can tell you something about lots of people, but they are not exhaustive,”said Mark Shriver, associate professor of biological anthropology at Pennsylvania State University and a consultant with DNA Print Genomics, a Sarasota, FL, company that provides genetic tracing services.
There are also issues of who is included in these databases, and yes, statistical room for error.
All of this variability means that using genetic tests to prove ancestry with 100% accuracy is unlikely, no matter whether your intentions are to find out if your father's family really did come on the Mayflo r, or to bolster a racist ideology.
The study authors were fascinated, if not also a little horrified, by the way the online white nationalist community continued to shift the boundaries of their own definition of what equals “white.” While some people were kicked out for their genetic tests results, it rarely happened to longtime members. Yet others were allowed to remain so long as they didn’t “mate” or only had children with those of specified ethnic groups. Panofsky says these test results simply revealed the absurdity of white supremacists’ so-called standards, an ideology “that allows them to say, ‘No, we’re really diverse and we don’t need non-white people to have a diverse society,” said Panofsky.
While genetic tests will undoubtedly get smarter and more sophisticated, the same cannot necessarily be said for white supremacists.