<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Muslim words for God, Allah and Ali, appear to be woven both forwards and backwards in the decorative woven fabric. Larsson said that Viking burial clothes were selected from the finest and most important items available, rather than everyday fashions, just as modern era people are typically buried in formal clothes. “Presumably, Viking age burial customs were influenced by Islam and the idea of an eternal life in paradise after death.”</span></p><p><div data-conversation-spotlight=""></div></p><p></p><div id="819d5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="33K2UA1574878546"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="915205765060792321" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">#Viking Age script deciphered – mentions ‘Allah’ and ‘Ali’ https://t.co/zdkDy0BeRL https://t.co/7wpUoWstR7</div> — Uppsala University (@Uppsala University)<a href="https://twitter.com/UU_University/statuses/915205765060792321">1507037032.0</a></blockquote></div><p></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Vikings had extensive contact with the Muslim world, as they traveled widely on their raids and expeditions. Other graves and caches of Viking treasure have yielded over </span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7330540.stm"><span style="font-weight: 400;">100,000 Islamic silver coins</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> known as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">dirhams, </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">jewelry bearing Islamic symbols, and bodies bearing DNA from Persia, suggesting intermarriage and immigration (voluntary or otherwise). In </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">2015, </span><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41567391"><span style="font-weight: 400;">a Viking woman’s glass ring</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was discovered bearing the inscription “for Allah” or “to Allah.” Religious objects have been found in Viking graves that represent seven languages and three belief systems, Christianity, Islam, and the worship of Thor, a key figure in Norse mythology.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, other researchers are unconvinced that these artifacts are meaningful. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">"The use of Ali does suggest a Shia connection," says Amir De Martino, programme leader of Islamic studies at the Islamic College in London. "But without the phrase 'waly Allah' accompanying the name - meaning 'friend of Allah' - this would not be from mainstream Shia culture and might just have been copied wrongly from something that was," adds De Martino, who is also the chief editor of Islam Today, a British Shia magazine. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The debate has become more heated due to modern political divisions. T</span><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/144320/racism-medievalism-white-supremacists-charlottesville"><span style="font-weight: 400;">he white supremacist movement</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> has adopted symbols from the Viking tradition, revering a faux-medieval culture as an example of perfect white purity. The white supremacists who marched in Charlottesville carried equipment bearing Viking imagery. (</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">One popular white supremacist symbol, the Black Eagle of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire, is strongly associated with its patron saint, </span><a href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/black-saints-maurice"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Saint Maurice</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, who was actually black.)</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This appropriation raises the ire of Viking scholars and historical reenactment enthusiasts, who point out that the Vikings traveled widely and intermarried with people from various races, bringing home people, ideas and imagery from around the world. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"Viking enthusiasts get mistaken for racists and Nazis all the time, and we're very uncomfortable with that. White nationalists don't get to reinvent what Viking culture is," </span><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/vikings-neo-nazis-anti-racists-swedish-nordic-resistance-movement-larp-a7987716.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said Solvej von Malmborg</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a member of a group called Vikingar Mot Rasism (VMR, or Vikings Against Racism). Larpers, or enthusiasts of Live Action Role Play (LARP), as well as practitioners of Viking martial arts, folk groups, and historians have been dismayed by adoption of medievalism and Vikings cosplay by white supremacists. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The view that white supremacists have of the Middle Ages is monocultural, mono-racial, and mono-religious; that simply doesn't reflect reality. That limited view was constructed in the first place, and it can be dismantled,” </span><a href="https://psmag.com/education/untangling-white-supremacy-from-medieval-studies"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said Helen Young</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, an Australian Medieval scholar.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Viking world and the Islamic world intersected through both trade and travel, as Vikings enthusiasts point out, but the highlighting of artifacts such as the burial clothing studied by Larsson may be a reflection of today’s divided world rather than a truly meaningful detail about a specific Vikings-era person’s beliefs.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“People </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">want </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">to see Arabic there, because it resonates today with a dream of a more inclusive Europe. There’s a real desire to document that Vikings had interactions, not to mention intermarriages, with many non-Vikings,” </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/viking-couture-allah/543045/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said Paul Cobb</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a professor of Islamic history at the University of Pennsylvania. “That flies in the face of the white supremacists, who see Vikings as Nordic warriors defending Europe from foreign pollution, when nothing could be further from the truth. They were one of the great international societies of the Middle Ages.”</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Everybody wants a counter-narrative for the narrative that’s been put forward by white supremacists,” said Stephennie Mulder, an associate professor of Islamic art and architecture at the University of Texas at Austin.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> But in this particular case, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">it could simply be that the family of the deceased could have purchased garments with Islamic designs purely because they liked the way they looked, and wanted to send off their loved one in something special. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">“It would be like, for us, buying a perfume that says ‘Paris’ on it,” </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/viking-couture-allah/543045/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said Mulder</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. “Baghdad was the Paris of the 10th century. It was glamorous and exciting. For a Viking, this is what Arabic must have signaled: cosmopolitanism.”</span></p>
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